Difference Between Traditional File Systems Information Technology Essay

Difference Between Traditional File Systems Information Technology EssayWikipedia, The handed-d feature filing transcription is a method of storing and arranging figurer archives and the t for each staring in the bear down. Basic entirelyy it organizes these files into a infobase for the transshipment center, organization, manipulation, and retrieval by the computers operating system.For this method, a file name is assigned to a file in order to secure w atomic number 18housing location in the computer memory or selective education storage devices such as hard dispositions or CD-ROMs argon utilise to maintain the physical location of the files. By this file name a file tail assembly be further plan of attacked. Whether the file system has an underlying storage device or non, file systems typic every last(predicate)(a)y bear directories which associate file names with files, normally by connecting the file name to an index in a file allocation table.A red-hot conce pt for file precaution is the concept of a selective selective informationbase-based file system.Files atomic number 18 identified by their characteristics, manage type of file, topic, author, etc( infobase instruction system) consists of bundle that operates entropybases, providing storage, access, security measure, comforter and separate facilities. This system faeces be categorized according to the entropybase mildew and the type of computer that they support such as a server cluster or a mobile ph iodin, the query language(s) that access the entropybase, such as SQL or XQuery, performance trade-offs, such as upper limit scale or maximum speed or others. some database management system cover more than one entry in these categories, e.g., supporting multiple query languages.Mean musical composition entropybase management systems are usually accessed in a client-server manner, where the informationbase client and the server are located on several(predicate) mach ines (in a local rural area network).Both systems deal with knowledge management.File-based SystemFile-based systems were an early attempt to computerize the manual filing system. File-based system is a collection of application programs that perform services for the end-users, such as update, insertion, deletion adding new files to database etc. Each program defines and manages its data.When a computer user wants to store data electronically they must do so by placing data in files. Files are stored in precise locations on the hard disk (directories). The user pile create new files to place data in, delete a file that stomachs data, name the file, etc which is cognise as file management a part bring home the bacond by the Operating System (OS).Advantages of conventionalistic file based systemDis profits of traditional file based systemNo need of out-of-door storageProvides less security.No need of a highly practiced person to handle the database.redundance is more.Pro cessing speed is high as compared to DBMSLess equity.High complexity in updating of database.Table 1.1.1 informationbase wariness SystemThe improvement of the File-Based System (FBS) was the Database Management System (DBMS) which came up in the 60s.The Database Management System re continued the trouble of manually locating data, and having to go through it. The user could create a suitable coordinate for the data beforehand, to place the information in the database that the DBMS is managing. consequently, the physical organizing of files is done international with and provides the user with a logical view of the data input.A database is a collection of interrelated information stored in a database server these data ordain be stored in the form of tables. The primary range of database is to provide a way to store and retrieve database information fast and in an efficient manner.Advantages surmount of data redundancyAlthough the database attempt does not remove redundancy co mpletely, it controls the get of redundancy in the database.Data consistencyBy removing or controlling redundancy, the database approach reduces the risk of inconsistencies occurring. It ensures all copies of the idea are unploughed consistent.More information from the equivalent amount of dataWith the amalgamation of the operated data, it is possible to derive additional information for the same data.Sharing of dataDatabase belongs to the entire organization and can be shared by all authorized users.Improved data integrityDatabase integrity provides the validity and consistency of stored data. Integrity is usually convey in landmarks of constraints, which are consistency rules that the database is not permitted to violate.Improved securityProvides protection of data from unauthorized users. It give require user names and passwords to identify user type and their access right in the operation including retrieval, insertion, updating and deletion.Enforcement of standardsThe i ntegration of the database enforces the necessary standards including data formats, naming conventions, documentation standards, update procedures and access rules. prudence of scaleCost savings can be obtained by combining all organizations operational data into one database with applications to work on one source of data.Balance of conflicting requirementsBy having a morphological design in the database, the conflicts mingled with users or departments can be resolved. Decisions will be based on the base use of resources for the organization as a whole rather than for an individual person.Improved data accessibility and responsivenessBy having integration in the database approach, data accessing can cross departmental boundaries. This singularity provides more functionality and better services to the users.Increased productivityThe database approach provides all the low-level file-handling routines. The provision of these functions hold the programmer to concentrate more on the specific functionality required by the users. The fourth-generation environment provided by the database can simplify the database application development.Improved maintenanceProvides data independence. As a change of data structure in the database will affect the application program, it simplifies database application maintenance.Increased concurrencyDatabase can manage concurrent data access effectively. It ensures no interference between users that would not result whatsoever loss of information or loss of integrity.Improved backing and recovery servicesModern database management system provides facilities to minimize the amount of processing that can be lost following a tribulation by using the relations approach.DisadvantagesComplexityA difficult bundle. All users must be familiar with its functionality and take full advantage of it. at that placefore, discipline for the administrators, designers and users is required.SizeUses a substantial amount of main memory as well a s large amount of disk space in order to make it run efficiently.Cost of DBMSA multi-user database management system may be very expensive. Even after the installation, there is a high regular annual maintenance cost on the software.Cost of conversionWhen moving from a file-base system to a database system, the comp both is required to have additional expenses on hardware acquisition and training cost.PerformanceAs the database approach is to cater for many applications rather than exclusively for a particular one, just about applications may not run as fast as before.Higher impact of a failureIncreases the vulnerability of the system due to the centralization. As all users and applications reply on the database handiness, the failure of any persona can bring operations to a halt and affect the services to the customer seriously.The difference between TFS and DBMSBalajee B. (2005), There are number of characteristics that differ from traditional file management system to databas e management system. In file system approach, each user apparatuss the required files for a specific application to run. (Example in a gross revenue department of an enterprise, one user will be maintaining the details of the number of sales military force in that department and their grades. These details will be stored and maintained in a demote file. another(prenominal) user will maintain the stipend details of these sales personnel and the detailed salary report will be stored and maintained in a separate file. Although both of the users need the data of the salespersons, they will be having their details in separate files and they need assorted programs to operate their files.) When such data is isolated in separate files, it is difficult to access data that should be available for both users. This will lead to wastage of space and redundancy or replication of data, which may lead to confusion, as manduction of data among various users is not possible and data inconsisten cy may occur. These files will not be having any inter-relationship among the data stored in these files. Therefore in traditional file processing every user will be defining their own constraints and implement the files according to their needs.In database approach, a single store of data is maintained that is defined once and then accessed by many users, as database belongs to the entire organization and can be shared by all authorized users. The essential characteristic of database approach is that the database system not only contains data but it contains complete definition or description of the database structure and control. These definitions are stored in a system catalog, which contains the information about the structure and definitions of the database. The information stored in the catalog is called the metadata, it describes the primary database. Hence this approach will work on any type of database for example, insurance database, Airlines, banking database, Finance det ails, and Enterprise information database. But in traditional file processing system the application is developed for a specific purpose and they will access specific database only. But the processing speed in TFS is high compared to DBMS.The other main characteristic of the database is that it will allow multiple users to access the database at the same time and sharing of data is possible. The database must embroil concurrency control software to ensure that several users trying to update the same data at the same time, it should maintain in a controlled manner. In file system approach many programmers will be creating files over a long period and various files have different format, in various application languages, where duplication of data can occur.This redundancy in storing same data multiple times leads to higher costs and wastage of space. This may result in data inconsistency in the application this is because update is done to some of the files only and not all of the fi les. Moreover in database approach multiple views can be createdExternal view User/Application view,Conceptual view transparent view,Internal view Details about the structure of data and physical storage of information.View is a tailored representation of information contained in one or more tables. View is similarly called as Virtual table because view does not contain physically stored records and will not occupy any space.A multi-user database whose users have variety of applications must provide facilities for defining multiple views. In traditional file system, if any changes are made to the structure of the files it will affect all the programs. Therefore, changes to the structure of a file will require to change all programs that access the file and whereby data dependence will be lost. But in the case of database approach the structure of the database is stored separately in the system catalog from the access of the application programs. This property is known as progra m-data independence.Database can in addition be used for continuous storage for program objects and data structures that resulted in object oriented database approach. Traditional systems suffered from impedance mismatch problem and worry in accessing the data, which is avoided in object oriented database system. Database can be used to represent complex relationships among data as well as to retrieve and update related data easily and efficiently. Hence DBMS does not automatically remove redundancies, but help to control redundancy.It is possible to define and enforce integrity constraints for the data stored in the database. The database also provides facilities for recovering hardware and software failures, as it has automatic and intelligent backup and recovery procedures. It reduces the application development time considerably when compared to the file system approach and availability of streetwise information of all the users. It also provides security to the data stored in the database system and maintains integrity.A highly technical person will be required to handle the database, while for TFS, it is not so.File-based systems are very mutually beneficial upon the application programmer. Any required queries or reports have to be written by the application programmer. Normally, a fixed format query or report can only be entertained and no facility for ad-hoc queries if offered. DBMS has data independence. The way information is stored and the way information issued is independent of each other.File-based systems also give tremendous pressure on data processing staff, with users complaints on programs that are inadequate or inefficient in pictureing their demands. Documentation may be limited and maintenance of the system is difficult. render for security, integrity and recovery mental ability is very limited. Whereas, DBMS has control over security as it provides tools such as use of User Code, Password / Privileges and Roles to ensure securit y of data.Data, Field, Record, and File are the main components of Database environment. concisely explain those.DataWebopedia (Anon., n.d.), Distinct whiles of information usually formatted in a special way. All software is divided into two general categories data and programs. Programs are collections of instructions for manipulating data. Data can exist in a variety of forms as numbers or text on pieces of paper, as bits and bytes stored in electronic memory, or as facts stored in a persons mind. Strictly speaking, data is the plural of datum, a single piece of information. In practice, however, people use data as both the singular and plural form of the word. The term data is often used to distinguish binary machine-readable information from textual human-readable information. For example, some applications make a distinction between data files (files that contain binary data) and text files (files that contain ASCII data). In database management systems, data files are the f iles that store the database information, whereas other files, such as index files and data dictionaries, store administrative information, known as metadata.FieldWebopedia (Anon., n.d.), A space allocated for a particular item of information. A tax form, for example, contains a number of empyrean one for your name, one for your Social Security number, one for your income, and so on. In database systems, fields are the smallest units of information you can access. In spreadsheets, fields are called cells.Most fields have veritable attributes associated with them. For example, some fields are numeric whereas others are textual some are long, while others are short. In addition, every field has a name, called the field name.In database management systems, a field can be required, optional, or calculated. A required field is one in which you must enter data, while an optional field is one you may leave blank. A calculated field is one whose valuate is derived from some formula invol ving other fields. You do not enter data into a calculated field the system automatically determines the correct value.A collection of fields is called a record.RecordWebopedia (Anon., n.d.), In database management systems, a complete organise of information. Records are composed of fields, each of which contains one item of information. A set of records constitutes a file. For example, a personnel file might contain records that have three fields a name field, an address field, and a phone number field. In relational database management systems, records are called tuples. Some programming languages allow you to define a special data structure called a record. Generally, a record is a combination of other data objects. For example, a record might contain three integers, a floating-point number, and a character string. In database management systems, a complete set of information. Records are composed of fields, each of which contains one item of information. A set of records consti tutes a file. For example, a personnel file might contain records that have three fields a name field, an address field, and a phone number field. get word 1.2.1Source Author Anon.,FileWebopedia (Anon., n.d.), A collection of data or information that has a name, called the filename. to the highest degree all information stored in a computer must be in a file. There are many different types of files data files, text files, program files, directory files, and so on. Different types of files store different types of information. For example, program files store programs, whereas text files store text.What is the Importance of DBMS in a Defense physical composition and in an training Department? exoneration OrganizationBenjamin (n.d.), A Database Management System (DBMS) is a set of computer programs that controls the creation, maintenance, and the use of the database with computers of an organization and its end users. It allows organizations to place control of organization-wide da tabase development in the hold of database administrators (DBAs) and other specialists.As organizations develop with time, their adoption to the latest technologies in the computer field becomes a necessity. A Defence organization is no different. In these turbulent times, when national security is more important, providing all Defence personnel with access to the latest technology and education opportunities not only directly contributes to Defence capability but also improve the defence personnels career development.Hence the importance of a DBMS in such an organization like Defence is vital. Because Database administrators could use this system to configure and operate databases as the software provides high level, privileged database access. But the management should restrict use of this software to authorized personnel. One function of the database administrator is to create particular views of information stored in the database that are unique for each type of user. For examp le, one officer will have a different view of information in the database than another, say elderly officer. The different user groups will also have different abilities to add, modify, or delete information. The database administrator is trusty for providing users with access to the appropriate level of information. The primary risk associated with database administration is that an administrator can alter thin data without those modifications being detected.A secondary risk is that an administrator can change access rights to information stored within the database as well as their own access rights.Database security is the last line of defence. So it deserves greater focus on the protection of private data from both internal and external.The sensitivity and variety of the information stored in the database form the basis for establishing controls. A database that stores confidential information may require a more significant control environment than a database that stores non- sensitive information. Management should consider the security and performance implications of the security options available with modern database management systems.Database security professionals and information security and risk management professionals could adopt a security strategy in DBMS to1) Align database security policies with information security policies2) Ensure percipient and formalized database security procedures3) Enforce role separation and4) Apply advanced security measures such as database auditing, monitoring, database encryption, data masking, and vulnerability assessment to all critical databases that store private data.The DBMS can provide long-term benefits for the Defence organization reducing duplication of data and making it easier for HR to update personnel records. If not for DBMS, each time there was a personnel change, trainers would have to go through their entire content to make the necessary changes. Now, replacing Brigadier Xs examine in the co ntent library with Commodore Ys picture can be automatically replicated through all relevant programs. Thereby reduce its expenditure on storage. But, initial training will be required for all programmers and users. Even though database systems are complex, difficult, and time-consuming to design, there is greater data integrity and independence from applications programs andEducation DepartmentSue Bushell (2004), To improve doctrine and discipline with the help of modern information and communication technology eLearning is beneficial to education, corporations and to all types of students. It is affordable, saves time, and produces mensural results.E- tuition comprises all forms of electronically supported learn and teaching. The Information and communication systems, whether networked or not, serve as specific media to implement the learning process.E-learning services have evolved since computers were first used in education. There is a trend to move towards blended learnin g services, where computer-based activities are integrated with practical or classroom-based situations.E-learning is essentially the computer and network-enabled transfer of skills and knowledge. E-learning applications and processes include Web-based learning, computer-based learning, virtual classroom opportunities and digital collaboration. Content is delivered via the Internet, intranet/extranet, audio or video tape, satellite TV, and CD-ROM. It can be self-paced or instructor-led and includes media in the form of text, image, animation, streaming video and audioThe definition of e-learning varies depending on the organization and how it is used but basically it involves electronic means of communication, education, and training.Regardless of the definition you chose to use, designers, developers, and implementers make or break the instructional courses and tools. E-learning is simply a medium for delivering learning and like any other medium, it has its advantages and disadvan tages. E-learning covers a wide present of activities from supported learning, to blended or hybrid learning (the combination of traditional and e-learning practices), to learning that occurs 100% online.As per wikipedia.org, the worldwide e-learning industry is estimated to be worth over $48 billion US according to right estimates. Developments in internet and multimedia technologies are the basic enabler of e-learning, with consulting, content, technologies, services and support being identified as the five key sectors of the e-learning industry.E-learning is naturally suited to distance learning and flexible learning, but can also be used in conjunction with face-to-face teaching, in which case the term Blended learning is commonly used. E-Learning pioneer Bernard Luskin argues that the E must be understood to have broad meaning if e-learning is to be effective. Luskin says that the e should be interpreted to mean exciting, energetic, enthusiastic, emotional, extended, excellen t, and educational in addition to electronic that is a traditional national interpretation. This broader interpretation allows for 21st century applications and brings learning and media psychology into the equation.E-Learning can also refer to educational web sites such as those offering learning scenarios, worksheets and interactive exercises for children. The term is also used extensively in the business sector where it generally refers to cost-effective online trainingThere are many advantages to online and computer-based learning when compared to traditional face-to-face courses and lectures. There are a few disadvantages as well.Advantages of eLearning(Anon., n.d) E-learning is beneficial to education, corporations and to all types of learners. It is affordable, saves time, and produces measurable results.Cost effectiveE-learning is more cost effective than traditional learning because less time and funds is spent traveling. Since e-learning can be done in any geographic loca tion and there are no travel expenses, this type of learning is much less costly than doing learning at a traditional institute.FlexibilityFlexibility is a major benefit of e-learning. E-learning has the advantage of taking class anytime anywhere. Education is available when and where it is needed. E-learning can be done at the office, at home, on the road, 24 hours a day, and heptad days a week.Learnerslike e-learning because it accommodates different types of learning styles.They have the advantage of learning at their own pace. Students can also learn through a variety of activities that apply to many different learning styles. Learners can fit e-learning into their busy schedule. If they hold a job, they can participate in eLearning right at their desk. If the learner needs to do the learning at night, then this option is available while in their pajamas and do the learning if they desire.Personalized learningE-learning encourages students to peruse through information by using hyperlinks and sites on the worldwide Web.Learners are able to find information relevant to their personal situations and interest. E-learning allows selection oflearning materials that meet their level of knowledge, interest and what they need to know to perform more effectively in an activity.E-learning is more focused on the learner and it is more interesting for the learner because it is information that they want to learn. E-learning is flexible and can be customized to meet the individual needs of the learners.Develops knowledgeE-learning helps develop knowledge of the Internet. This knowledge will help learners passim their careers. E-learning encourages students to take personal responsibility for their own learning. When learners succeed, it builds self-knowledge and self-confidenceDisadvantages of eLearningAccessOne disadvantage of eLearning is that learners need to have access to a computer as well as the Internet. They also need to have computer skills with programs s uch as word processing, Internet browsers, and e-mail. Without these skills and software it is not possible for thelearner to succeed in eLearning.E-learners need to be very comfortable using a computer. Slow Internet connections or sr. computers may make accessing course materials difficult. This may cause the learners to get frustrated and give up.Software and filesAnother disadvantage of e-learning is managing computer files, software comfortability and learning new software, including e-learning. For learners with beginner-level computer skills it can sometimes seem complex to keep their computer files organized.The lesson points you to download a file which the learner does and later cannot find the file. The file is downloaded to the brochure the computer automatically opens to rather than a folderchosen by the learner. This file may be lost or misplaced to the learner without good computer organizational skills.High motivationE-learning also requires time to complete especi ally those with assignments and interactive collaborations. This means that students have to be highly motivated and answerable because all the work they do is on their own. Learners with low motivation or bad study habits may not complete modules and may fall behindIsolationAnother disadvantage of e-learning is that students may feeling isolated and unsupported while learning. Instructions are not always available to help the learner so learners need to have discipline to work independently without assistance. E-learners may also become blase with no interaction with instructors or classmates.Without the routine structures of a traditional class, students may get lost or confused about course activities and deadlines. Instructor may not always be available when students are studying or need helpConclusionToday many technologies can be, and are, used in e-learning, from blogs to collaborative software, E-Portfolios, and virtual classrooms. Most e-learning situations use combinati ons of these techniques.Even though the hardware and software start-up are costly, the advantages are reduced data redundancy, reducing updating errors and increased consistency, greater data integrity and independence from applications programs, improve data access to users through use of host and query languages, improved data security and availability of facilitated development of new application programs and ability for intensive research are the benefits of DBMS.Task 2 deal an Entity Relationship Data Model which describes the content and structure of the data held by the Medi Check Hospital.Produce the resulting tables of supra Medi Check Hospital and clearly indicating the primary and foreign keys.Data TablesDoctorDoctorID (primary)LnameFnameAddressPhonebeeperSpecialtyLocationAvailabilityPatientPatientNo (primary)PatientFirstNamePatientLastNamePatientAddressPatientTelNoPatientDobPatientMaritalStatusPatientDateRegisteredAppointmentAppointmentNo (primary)PatientNameDate/TimePa tientTelNoSymptomSymptomCode (primary),SymptomNameDescription discussionTreatmentTitle (primary)TreatmentTypeDurationStatusTreatmentCostMedicationMedicationNo (primary)MedicationTypeSideEffectDosageFrequencySeverityMedicationBrandNameMedicationManufactureNameMedicationManufactureAddressMedicationManufactureTelNormalize these tables to ensure that are all in BCNF. Show the steps you have taken in normalizing the tables.UNFMedication (DoctorID, Lname, Fname, Address, Phone, Pager, Specialty, Location,Availability, PatientNo, PatientFirstName, PatientLastName,PatientAddress, PatientTelNo, PatientDob, PatientMaritalStatus,PatientDateRegistered, AppoinmentNo, PatientName, Date/Time,PatientTelNo, SymptomCode, SymptomName, Description,TreatmentTitle, TreatmentTyp